New Social Movements: A Case Study of Emerging Environmental Movements Abstract The term modern social movements is used to describe movements that were active in France in the late 1960s through collective action in the social sphere. The most important new social movements are the civil rights movement, the women's movement, the peace movement and the environmental movement. The rapid growth of industrial and capitalist societies, regardless of environmental degradation, has created many problems. The most important problems are soil erosion, resource reduction, ozone depletion, greenhouse effects, extinction of animal and plant species and various types of soil and climate pollution. The combination of these factors has provided the basis for the formation and activation of environmental movements. The present paper tries to answer the question of how emerging environmental movements can be analyzed in the form of new social movements? And what are their effects on new social movements? Therefore, with the qualitative interpretive method, and the method of case studies, it examines the nature and why of emerging environmental movements. The research findings show that environmental crises and the need to solve environmental problems that have become a pervasive and global crisis, have provided the basis for the formation, activity and impact of emerging environmental movements. Therefore, in order to deal with the existing crises, emerging environmental movements first informed and increased public awareness, and then created pro-environmental organizations and groups, and finally, by entering In the field of politics, and using new tools and methods, they have expressed their demands and protests in a peaceful and non-violent way, in order to force governments to respond and finally enter directly into The field of politics as influential groups and political parties in the field of public policy. As a result, the volume and scope of social power and the political influence of emerging environmental movements have led to the revitalization and enrichment of new social movements; in a way that today they can be identified and analyzed as powerful social forces and influential actors in the field of political sociology. Keywords: New Social Movements, Emerging Environmental Movements, Social Forces, Methods of Action, Political Nature.

Encyclopedia of new religious movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging religious movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of religious movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

Contrary to the common wisdom that traces the origin of environmental movements to the urban middle class, the existing empirical findings imply that such an account of environmentalism fails to provide a further approach. Environmental movements may emerge from non-urban settings or within different social classes and groups beyond the middle class. Since the state’, s marginalizing structure and capital provoke environmental damage in peripheral regions, the social groups living there have been also put in jeopardy. In this respect, it is not coincidence that these peripheral settings are at the core of a variety of environmental movements, which are intricately linked to life and politics. This article, by reviewing the empirical research on environmental movements in Iran, shows that the majority of existing studies focus on the large cities in Iran. As they fall into the mainstream approach to environmental movements, their outcomes remain limited in understanding the inquiries on environmentalism in the periphery of Iran. Even if few studies provide some pertinent results to this research, they lack a conceptual framework to describe environmentalism in the periphery, which is at the hub of this paper. Through the consolidated reading of "center-periphery, " "subaltern environmentalism, " and "new social movement" theories, some key notions such as "internal colonialism, " "subaltern environmentalism, " "econationalism, " "internal mode of action, " and "external mode of action" are then introduced and articulated in a speculative manner, drawing on Althusser's "overdetermination" approach.

Emerging mysticism is a concept that, like all concepts in the humanities, does not have a clear and concise definition, but as a general definition, we can say that emerging mysticism belongs to groups of spiritualists who after the 1800s, especially in the 1960s, based on elements of modernity, especially humanism. Secularism, instrumental rationality, etc. are formed and claim to make contemporary human beings happy and prosperous by psychic means. Given that there is a fundamental challenge between the positive identities of these modern spiritualities with the Islamic-Iranian identity of the country and in fact the Islamic Revolution, lack of proper understanding and knowledge of this phenomenon can have consequences for the future of the Islamic Revolution, because spirituality Emerging from the foundations of the liberal democratic system with a soft and creepy movement seek to secularize spirituality, which in turn is in direct opposition to the divine spirituality originated from pure Islam and the Islamic Revolution, the growth and influence of these groups in the long run according to To the deviation that unknowingly creates in the mind of the audience of spirituality, it can affect the identity of individuals and damage religious beliefs, therefore, its recognition and management is necessary and only in the light of insight. This article is to show the consequences of emerging spiritualities in making the divine and Iranian identity of the Islamic Revolution impossible (goal) and uses the method of description and analysis (method).

Establishing a balance between natural resources and the environment and population growth, followed by increasing human needs, is an issue that should be the focus of policy makers and population planners to ensure sustainable development in the country. Human population is both affected by climate changes, so it is important to identify the relationship between population and the environment primarily because of the extent of the effects of population on the environment. Therefore, the present study intends to use the discovery of the relationship between population movements and environmental indicators while explaining the prevailing conditions in the country, to provide solutions to implement these strategies, to achieve greater stability in Iran. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical based on secondary data. In line with the purpose of the research, 5 components (climate, water, soil, air, natural hazards) and 9 indicators have been used. In the data entry and sorting stage, Microsoft Excel software and in the data analysis stage, SPSS software and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to consider the correlation between environmental data and demographic movements. GIS is used and the data output is displayed in the form of maps, tables and graphs. The results of the present study that population movements in Iran have no environmental origin, but these movements and migration of some provinces during the study period (1986-2016) have caused several environmental crises. Among the effects of population displacement on the environment can be mentioned the uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater and the water crisis, as well as the occurrence of subsidence in the continuation of this issue. Also, human activities due to population increase and destruction of vegetation in and around cities have intensified natural hazards.

Today, the quality of life and social challenges such as environmental pollutants are one of the most important fields of socio-political conflicts that in turn, have been led to nexus between “ the social” and “ the political” . The current study aims to figure out the influential factors on the extension, overarching and universalization of environmental movements in last decades in developed and developing countries applying an analytical methodology and empirical data and evidences. The important factors (hypothesis) are silent revolution or declination of new generation and citizens to post material values, irresponsibility of governments, development and industrialization with little attention to environmental ethics and using opportunities in global civil society and social networks, such as mobilizational, awakenings and making identification in organizing of public opinion and protests. On the basis of quantitative – empirical studies and world value surveys, the findings reveal that, nowadays, green groups and movements are the important challengers for governments and mobilizers of protestors in two practical-campaign and attitudinal dimensions for the advancement of goals, making governments and companies responsive and universalization of environmental ethics and discourse in the world. Multi millions participation protests at September 2015 is the most extraordinary manifestation of environmentalism.

The environmental movements in Europe today have become one of the most important and powerful social movements that have influenced the EU decision-making process. Indeed, the main purpose of these movements is to transform environmental discourses and link environmental issues to European societies that have achieved remarkable successes in this way. In this regard, given the importance of the issue, this research seeks to answer the central question of how environmental movements have influenced the process of political decision-making in the European Union? Research findings show that environmental social movements in European societies have influenced the EU's environmental policies through the influence of the negotiation process on the development of environmental rules. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative method and data collection tools are library and internet resources.

Extended Abstract1.          IntroductionEnvironmental issues were first in the 19th century in the form of international agreements for the management of resources, which attracted the attention of countries in international politics. In the 20th century, several conferences, including the Stockholm and Rio de Janeiro conferences, were formed to establish cooperation between governments to solve environmental problems. Along with governments, other groups, including environmental movements, emerged in the 1960s to put pressure on governments to solve environmental issues in the West, and due to the existence of a democratic political culture, they were able to become a major force in politics in these countries.  In Iran, like in other parts of the world, environmental problems and issues have been the major problems in society and politics. 2.         Research Methodology The main goal of this research is to investigate the causes of the non-formation of environmental movements using the theory of political culture. For this purpose, the qualitative analysis method and the descriptive-analytical method were used. In the qualitative research method, the goal is to identify, classify, and extract concepts based on the study of texts or the views of experts. Therefore, the main tools of data collection in the qualitative research method are interviews or library studies. Depending on the type of research, appropriate tools should be used.   3.         Research FindingsFormation of the environmental movement and institutions in Iran before the revolutionThe oldest non-governmental environmental organization in Iran is the people's organization "Zanan Ashkadz" of Yazd, which started its activity in the late 1340s in order to deal with the influx of quicksand with the cooperation of the then government. Another environmental non-governmental organization is the "Animal Protection Society" which was established in the mid-1350s. After the revolutionAfter the revolution, Iran's environment faced numerous and serious risks, including air pollution, rapid development, soil and water pollution, rapid population growth, and the destructive effects of the 8-year war with Iraq, and even now, decades of inefficient management based on short-term development policies have added to the severity of this crisis. Although, during the Iran-Iraq war, environmental movements were not allowed to play their part in society, during Muhammad Khatemi’s presidency (1997-2005), non-governmental actors found this chance to start their activity with the aim of making their networks to put pressure on policymakers to pay serious attention to ecological concerns in Iran but by consolidation the power of Islamic Regime, most of them suppressed or had to migrate to other countries because of various reasons but the most matter ones are here.  A)        Lack of political culture and participatoryThe continuous history of tyranny has shaped its role in the national consciousness and has caused people and politicians to view the world of politics as more sentimental, deterministic, and unreliable. On the other hand, the century of foreign interference has made the world consider politics a zero-sum game. This has led to the formation of an absolutist and patrimonial culture in the heart of society and politics, which allowed no institution or group, especially social movements, to use official and unofficial organizations and others to get the necessary resources to advance. This has also strengthened the state-centric and centralist view that tends to control all civil movements and organizations. As a result, environmental organizations and movements will not be allowed to operate independently in such a structure so that they can play a buffer role between the government and society.  B. Personality-oriented environmental management The absence of a culture of participation and the individuality of environmental decisions has led to confusion and uncertainty in environmental management and the lack of institutionalization of organizational functions based on leadership and participation-oriented management. As a result, due to the existence of such a structure and function, non-governmental environmental institutions have no ability to influence government institutions, and it turns them into government propaganda speakers and a tool for the government's legitimacy. c) Weakness of environmental civil institutionsThe specific cultural and political way has fostered a limited-subsidiary political culture that defines the rights and property of individuals based on their proximity to the sphere of power. In such a situation, civil society institutions and civil activists, including environmental groups, will not have a special place and will be considered "nothing" by the prevailing political culture.  4.        ConclusionDue to the dominance of limited-subsidiary political culture and semi-participatory power construction, environmental groups cannot be effective as influential groups or political parties,especially with the security of some aspects of the activities of these groups, obstacles have been created in line with their broader activities, and therefore today the environmental movement of Iran is limited to academic and research activities, which can endanger the future of the environment, face inevitability, and cause more environmental crises and most importantly political and social crises in Iran. FundingNo funding was recieved to asist with the prepearation of this, anuscript. Authors’ ContributionThis writing has been done by author himself solely. Conflict of InterestNo conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentThanks all of people, helped me to complete this writing and of course thank for the Journal of Society and the Environment for reviewing my essay.

AbstractObjective: In the present study, the subject of scenarios of the effect of new emerging movements on the Islamic Republic of Iran in the fifth decade of the Islamic Revolution was studied with the aim to Identify future studies about the most important social new emerging movements in Iranian society and the effects of these movements that will be happened in the fifth decade of the Islamic Revolution in form of the scenarios.Method: Semi-structured interviews with elites as well as the new scenario method (critical uncertainties) were used to achieve the goals by document analysis research method.Findings: two cases of drivers (Democracy Movement and New Lifestyle Movement) which were more important according to the elites, were selected by recognition of the drivers and the existing uncertainties which four scenarios were proposed.Conclusion: In this resarch according to the uncertainties in relation to each of the drivers that two scenarios refers to making important and fundamental changes by drivers and two scenarios refers to the control of the consequences of these drivers by the system of the Islamic Republic. Keywords: Emerging Movements, Scenario, Islamic Revolution, Islamic Republic.